Large eddy simulation of soot formation in a ducted fuel injection configuration

The aim of this numerical study is to investigate the soot formation processes in a ducted fuel injection (DFI) spray under engine-like conditions. Furthermore, effect pre-injection dwell period on spray, combustion, and characteristics are also investigated. DFI configuration considered here D3L14G2. Large eddy simulations coupled with two-equation model conjugated heat transfer performed. Inert reacting conducted for free (FS) DFI-configurations validated against measured data. Reasonable agreement measurements achieved simulated ignition delay time (IDT) lift-off length (LOL) FS configuration. dwelling shown significantly affect combustion DFI-configuration. A 1 seconds causes longer IDT LOL, which leads them being closer In contrast, LOL predicted non-dwelled case shorter sites form inside duct. difference between dwelled due presence thermal boundary layer former case. case, increase higher overall air entrainment process better air–fuel mixing. This turn decreases precursor C2H2-mass spike by two-fold mass three-fold relative that obtained Hence, present highlights significance particular (D3L14G2). Omitting crucial step setup demonstrated cause occur duct, consequently lead greater than